phylum Cnidaria

Cnidarians are soft bodied animals with stinging tentacles around there mouths. some live on their own while others live in colonies. they have no internal transport system, excretory system or central nervous system or brains. they respire and eliminate wastes by diffusion.many have 2 stage life cycles that included sessile, flowerlike polyp and motile bell shaped medusa. both have a body wall that surround the gastro caviller cavity, this is where digestion takes place. the 3 layers of the body wall are the epidermis, mesolea, and gastroderm.
stinging tentacles also called nematocysts contain poison in each little sac which is held in a dart like projectile. cnidarians transport nutrients’ through diffusion through all parts of their body. other cnidarians have symbiotic relationships with photosynthetic protists which provides food and in return for CO2 and a safe home. the nervous systems are very simple they are called nerve nets mostly around the mouth. since cnidarian’s have no muscles they can change shape whenever stimulated by the nervous system. they can reproduce sexually by budding polyps or tiny medusa. Members of class HYDRAZOA spend majority of their life in the polp stage, growing in branching sessile colonies.
jelly fish belong to class scyphozoan  who have large medusa that live for long periods and larval stage is limited to a tiny form.
sea anemone’s and corals belong to class anthozoa who don’t have a medusa stage, they are only polyps they can also reproduce by budding or releasing sperm and egg into the water.

 

Phylum Porifera

sponges arefrom phylum porifera otherwise known as “bore-bearers” they are heterotrophic with no cell walls so they are not plants. they were among the very first multicellular organisms with no mouth,  digestive tract, no specialized organ systems. they live in salt water and few in freshwater and are known as a dead end group since no animals have evolved from sponges. sponges are filter feeders, water is drawn into the cavity through thousands of pores in the wall. the beating flagella on collar cells is used to draw in the water which then exists through the Asculum and wastes are carried away with the water. nd sperm is
sponge reproduction
sponges keep eggs inside their body walls and eventually eject sperm and if another sponges takes in that sperm the egg becomes fertilized and develops into a larvae and swims away to settle down and grown. they reproduce asexually and by budding. sponges can also regenerate.

Basic Animal Functions

Feeding
heterotrophs have their own way of obtaining food.
herbivores– animals that eat plants
Carnivores‘- are animals that eat other animals or parts of animals such as blood
parasites– are animals that live and feed inside or attached to organisms known as hosts
filter feeders– are water living animals that strain out and feed on the tiny animals
Detritus feeders– feed on detritus which are small pieces of decaying plants and animals.

Respiration
all animals use cellular respiration so they require oxygen and give off carbon dioxide gas. some breathe carbon dioxide directly form the atmosphere, some respire from their skin and some absorb oxygen dissolved in water.

internal Transport
an internal transport system is something that is used to move nutrients, gases, and wastes. Your cardiovascular system is an example. tiny aquatic organisms can live without an internal transport system and relying on diffusion although diffusion is not adequate for larger animals in which case they have a developed circulatory system with a heart to pump and transport blood through vessels.

Excretion
cells produce waste in the process of cellular metabolism that has to be eliminated, smaller animals use diffusion and larger ones have a simpler complex circulatory system.

Response to stimuli
animals need to be aware of their surrounding to avoid predators and find their mates. for this animals have evolved tissues called nerve cells which communicate with sensing organs, sensing light, sound, temperature, chemicals, touch and other stimuli that rely on this info to the brain that processes it and sends out the command needed to respond.

Movement
some animals are sessile meaning attached somewhere and don’t move and others are motile being the opposite. movements require animals to have muscle that cause movement when they contract. muscles work together to produce coordinated movement. the most successful groups of animals muscles are attached to are insects because of there exoskeleton.

Reproduction
there are many methods of reproduction such as switching back and forth  between sexual and asexual reproduction, although mammals rely soley on sexual reproduction. other animals lay egg or give birth to offspring. some animals hatch looking identical to parent just growing bigger in size this is known as DIRECT DEVELOPMENT  others have to hatch into larvae and go through metamorphosis and change in shape drastically this is known as INDIRECT DEVELOPMENT.

 

General Classification/ body plans/ number of germ layers.

General classification

all animals evolved from some sort of protozoan ancestor, there’s about 34 animal phyla although 9 of them contain MAJOR animal groups. INVERTABRATES are animals without a backbone which is basically all phyla’s except phylum chordate which contains mostly VERTABRATES. SYMMETRY is one way of classification. Radial symmetry has animals categorized circularly, animals like cnidarian and echinoderms are inactive also known as sessile. Bilateral symmetry forms right and left halves and animals are might become more active and move toward head end.

Body plans

May be a sac plan with one opening to an incomplete digestive system. TUBE-WITHIN-TUBE plan has two openings and complete digestive system route with specialized tissues.

Number of Germ layers

sponges have cellular level or organization without specialized tissues.
Cnidarians have tissue level organization with two germ layers called endoderm and ectoderm. other animals contain 3 germ layer, the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm and have organ level of organization. some have a true coelom which is an internal body cavity lied with mesoderm and others don’t. Flatworms are solid or  ACEOLMATE meaning no coelom. roundworms are PSEUDOCEOLOMATE with partial mesoderm next to body wall.  coelomate’s are divided into 2 branches  PROTOSTOMES AND DEUTEROSTOMES.

Conjuction

Bacteria do not have sex, bacteria exchange genetic information with other bacteria. this form of reproduction is called conjuction and reprodution occurs every 15 to 20 minutes. In conjuction a long bridge is formed and information is exchanged through the cytoplasm called a pilus.

identifying bacteria

Can be identified based on:
Cell shape
rod shaped- bacteria called Bacilli or bacillus (singular)
Sphere shaped- bacteria called cocci or coccus (singular)
Spiral shaped- bacteria called spirilla or spirillum (singular)

Cell wall
comparing chemical makeup of the cell wall, different species of bacteria can have different compounds present in their cell walls usually revealed by gram staining. gram staining method consists of using two colors, crystal violet and safranine. bacteria will absorb one or the other dye depending on the type. bacterial cells whose cell contains only one thick layer or carbs and proteins  take up the crystal violet stain also called GRAM-POSITIVE. bacteria that have 2 layers take up safranine and look red these are called GRAM-NEGATIVE bacteria.

Movement– bacteria can also be determined by movement, whether there is one or more flagella. some snake or spiral forward by wriggling others glide over a layer of mucus-like slime that they secrete and some don’t move at all on their own.

Classification of monerans

the classification systems divides monerans into 3 differ net phyla’s, eubacteria, cyanobacteria, archaebacteria and prochlorobacteria.
eubacteria- meaning “true”. largest phylum in the kingdom that has a complex cell wall of carbohydrates for protection. mobile forms with more then one flagella, some live in soil, inside hosts, and some are photosynthetic and can create there own food.
Cynobacteria- photosynthetic bacteria also called “blue-green algae”. they don’t have chloroplasts like plants but embed their pigments on membranes to capture light for photosynthesis. they produce oxygen and are first to recolonize after natural disaster, cyanobacteria can be unicellular.
Archaebacteria- live in harsh environment’s, some are anaerobic (no oxygen required). found in mud, digestive tracts of animals, hot places or temperatures that could kill other organisms.
prochlorobacteria- also called phyta meaning plants. encompasses just a few newly discovered species of photosynthetic bacteria that are similar to cyanobacteria but both contain chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

Prokaryotic cells

prokaryotic cells are among the smallest cells that lacks the specialized structures that eukaryotic cells have. specifically prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. they have nothing but a cell membrane, cell wall, DNA, ribosomes, and a cytoplasm and some contain small vacuoles. if the cell is capable of moving it will have a flagellium but not the same as a eukaryotic flagella.

Genetic Mutations

a mutation is a permanent genetic change in an organism resulting from a chemical change in the structure of the gene. there are 2 main types of mutations
Chromosomal mutation occurs after chromosomes are broken due to exposure to radiation, addictive drugs, pesticides, viruses and reform abnormally. pieces of chromosomes can be lost, added, or whole chromosomes may bee lost or added.
Gene Mutations affect only a single gene. it may be caused by a change of a single nucleotide. the effect on the individual depends on the genes role.
any agent that causes mutations in humans is called an environmental mutagen read by the triple code. Frame shift mutations occur when an extra base is added or deleted which is resulted I it read wrong and will be mutated. some types of mutations occur at a single point and they only affect a single nucleotide these are known as point mutation substitutions are a specific type of mutation where one nucleotide is incorrectly substituted for another.

Immunity

First line of defense: Your mucus, saliva, sweat, and tears are naturally antibiotic because they contain LYSOZYME which breaks down bacterial cell walls.
Second line of defense: The inflammatory response occurs by physical injury or entry of microorganisms. small blood vessels dilates to supply blood to the injured area causing redness and heat. Lymph nodes are small oval bodies adapted to filter lymph fluid. they also contain lymphocytes, which are leukocytes responsible for immunity. interferon is a protein produced by virus infected cells , interferon’s cannot save the infected cell but they diffuse to neighbouring cells where they stimulate the production of there proteins that increase the resistance to infection by interfering with the viral replication.
Third line of defense: Antigen’s are molecules on the surface of microbes that trigger specific immune responses. antigens are carbohydrates, protein and lipids on the surface of viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens.
primary immune response: the production of antibodies defines the primary immune response, antibodies serve to affect the mobility of pathogens, flag pathogens for destruction and kill the pathogen.
Secondary immune response: a secondary immune response occurs when a pathogen reappears in the body. this secondary immune response is stronger then the primary immune response.
immunity:
Active immunity is the development of the antibodies in response to the presence of an antigen in a vaccine or by actua infection. it is a slow-acting but long-lasting because of B lymphocytes.
passive immunity is the fast-acting but short-lived. often antibodies are provided by another animal. t-lymphocytes attach themselves to an antigen and destroy it in cell-mediated immunity.